Power supplies for cardiovascular implantable electronic devices

The use of cardiovascular implantable electronic devices (CIEDs) has proved to be the most successful device-based therapy reduce morbidity and mortality disease over decades. evolution power supplies always promotes development CIEDs from historical perspectives. However, with increased demands energy, modern still face huge challenges in terms longevity, size, reliability supplies. Recent advances batteries novel energy have provided promising approaches improve enhance therapeutic capabilities CIEDs. In this review, we will summarize different types tailored specific diseases discuss design criterion batteries. After overviewing batteries, emerging cutting-edge technologies, including new battery systems, wearable management platforms, wireless transfer, leadless unsealed devices.